Real Gases
Real Gases Why some gases deviate from the ideal gas law (PV = nRT), how the Van der Waals equation […]
chemistry, Exams & Career
Exams & Career
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chemistry, Exams & Career
Phase Transitions
Phase Transitions Phase transitions (solid ↔ liquid ↔ gas) explained: types, energy changes (endothermic/exothermic), latent heat, triple & critical points.
chemistry, Exams & Career
Gaseous State
Gaseous State The gaseous state is one of the primary states of matter. Gases have no fixed shape or volume,
chemistry, Exams & Career
Redox Titrations
Redox Titrations Chemists use redox titrations to determine the concentration of unknown substances through oxidation–reduction reactions. These titrations depend on
chemistry, Exams & Career
Redox Reactions
Redox Reactions in Acidic and Basic Medium Redox reactions often take place in either an acidic or a basic aqueous
chemistry, Exams & Career
Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation and Reduction are fundamental chemical processes that involve the transfer of electrons. Together these processes are
chemistry, Exams & Career
Oxidation Number
Oxidation Number The oxidation number (oxidation state) is a bookkeeping tool to track electron transfer in redox chemistry. Definition The
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Minerals and Ores
Minerals and Ores Introduction Minerals and Ores are fundamental components of the Earth’s crust. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic substances
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Concentration of Ores
Concentration of Ores Concentration of Ores is a crucial step in metallurgy that involves removing impurities (gangue) to enrich the
chemistry, Exams & Career
Metallurgical Processes
Metallurgical Processes Table of Contents Introduction Metallurgy is the science and technology of extracting, refining, and processing metals from their