Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are versatile compounds that undergo a variety of chemical reactions due to the presence of the carboxyl functional group (–COOH).
Table of Contents
- 1. Acid-Base Reactions
- 2. Esterification
- 3. Reduction Reactions
- 4. Decarboxylation
- 5. Conversion to Acid Chlorides
- 6. Reaction with Ammonia and Amines
- 7. Halogenation (Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky Reaction)
1. Acid-Base Reactions
Carboxylic acids behave as weak acids and react with bases to form salts and water.
R–COOH + NaOH → R–COONa + H2O
- With alkalis: Neutralization reactions forming carboxylate salts.
- With carbonates: Produces CO2, salt, and water.
2. Esterification
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in presence of conc. H2SO4 to form esters.
R–COOH + R′–OH ⇌ R–COOR′ + H2O
3. Reduction Reactions
Carboxylic acids reduce to alcohols using LiAlH4.
R–COOH →[LiAlH4] R–CH2OH
4. Decarboxylation
On heating with soda lime, carboxylic acids lose CO2.
R–COOH + NaOH → R–H + Na2CO3
5. Conversion to Acid Chlorides
With SOCl2, PCl5, or PCl3, acids form acid chlorides.
R–COOH + SOCl2 → R–COCl + SO2 + HCl
6. Reaction with Ammonia and Amines
Carboxylic acids form amides with NH3 after dehydration.
R–COOH + NH3 → R–COONH4 →[Heat] R–CONH2 + H2O
7. Halogenation (Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky Reaction)
In presence of P and halogens, α-halogenation occurs.
R–CH2–COOH + Br2 + P → R–CHBr–COOH + HBr
Conclusion: Carboxylic acids undergo acid-base, esterification, reduction, decarboxylation, and halogenation reactions, making them essential in organic synthesis.
Quick Quiz
MCQ: Which reagent is used for reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols?
- A) NaBH4
- B) LiAlH4
- C) H2/Ni
- D) KMnO4
Answer: B) LiAlH4. Explanation: Sodium borohydride is not strong enough for this reduction.
Fill in the Blank: Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form _______.
Answer: Esters.
FAQs
Q1: Why do carboxylic acids have higher boiling points?
Ans: Due to hydrogen bonding and dimer formation.
Q2: What is the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction?
Ans: α-Halogenation of carboxylic acids using halogens and red phosphorus.
कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्लों की रासायनिक अभिक्रियाएँ
कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल (–COOH) विभिन्न रासायनिक अभिक्रियाएँ करते हैं।
- अम्ल-क्षार अभिक्रिया: क्षार से अभिक्रिया कर लवण व जल देते हैं।
- एस्टरीकरण: अल्कोहल से अभिक्रिया कर एस्टर देते हैं।
- अपचयन: LiAlH4 से अल्कोहल में परिवर्तित होते हैं।
- डीकार्बोक्सीलेशन: सोडा लाइम से CO2 हटाकर हाइड्रोकार्बन बनाते हैं।
- एसिड क्लोराइड: SOCl2 से एसिड क्लोराइड बनाते हैं।
- अमाइड निर्माण: अमोनिया से अमाइड देते हैं।
- हैलोजनीकरण (HVZ): लाल फॉस्फोरस व हैलोजन से α-हैलोजनित अम्ल बनते हैं।
निष्कर्ष: कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल प्रयोगशाला व उद्योग दोनों में अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण अभिक्रियाएँ करते हैं।
