Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids | Explained with Examples

Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids are versatile compounds that undergo a variety of chemical reactions due to the presence of the carboxyl functional group (–COOH).

Table of Contents

1. Acid-Base Reactions

Carboxylic acids behave as weak acids and react with bases to form salts and water.

R–COOH + NaOH → R–COONa + H2O

  • With alkalis: Neutralization reactions forming carboxylate salts.
  • With carbonates: Produces CO2, salt, and water.

2. Esterification

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in presence of conc. H2SO4 to form esters.

R–COOH + R′–OH ⇌ R–COOR′ + H2O

3. Reduction Reactions

Carboxylic acids reduce to alcohols using LiAlH4.

R–COOH →[LiAlH4] R–CH2OH

4. Decarboxylation

On heating with soda lime, carboxylic acids lose CO2.

R–COOH + NaOH → R–H + Na2CO3

5. Conversion to Acid Chlorides

With SOCl2, PCl5, or PCl3, acids form acid chlorides.

R–COOH + SOCl2 → R–COCl + SO2 + HCl

6. Reaction with Ammonia and Amines

Carboxylic acids form amides with NH3 after dehydration.

R–COOH + NH3 → R–COONH4 →[Heat] R–CONH2 + H2O

7. Halogenation (Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky Reaction)

In presence of P and halogens, α-halogenation occurs.

R–CH2–COOH + Br2 + P → R–CHBr–COOH + HBr

Conclusion: Carboxylic acids undergo acid-base, esterification, reduction, decarboxylation, and halogenation reactions, making them essential in organic synthesis.

Quick Quiz

MCQ: Which reagent is used for reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols?

  • A) NaBH4
  • B) LiAlH4
  • C) H2/Ni
  • D) KMnO4

Answer: B) LiAlH4. Explanation: Sodium borohydride is not strong enough for this reduction.

Fill in the Blank: Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form _______.
Answer: Esters.

FAQs

Q1: Why do carboxylic acids have higher boiling points?

Ans: Due to hydrogen bonding and dimer formation.

Q2: What is the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction?

Ans: α-Halogenation of carboxylic acids using halogens and red phosphorus.

कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्लों की रासायनिक अभिक्रियाएँ

कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल (–COOH) विभिन्न रासायनिक अभिक्रियाएँ करते हैं।

  • अम्ल-क्षार अभिक्रिया: क्षार से अभिक्रिया कर लवण व जल देते हैं।
  • एस्टरीकरण: अल्कोहल से अभिक्रिया कर एस्टर देते हैं।
  • अपचयन: LiAlH4 से अल्कोहल में परिवर्तित होते हैं।
  • डीकार्बोक्सीलेशन: सोडा लाइम से CO2 हटाकर हाइड्रोकार्बन बनाते हैं।
  • एसिड क्लोराइड: SOCl2 से एसिड क्लोराइड बनाते हैं।
  • अमाइड निर्माण: अमोनिया से अमाइड देते हैं।
  • हैलोजनीकरण (HVZ): लाल फॉस्फोरस व हैलोजन से α-हैलोजनित अम्ल बनते हैं।

निष्कर्ष: कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल प्रयोगशाला व उद्योग दोनों में अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण अभिक्रियाएँ करते हैं।

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